Pronouns are inflected for the same cases as other nouns, though their forms are somewhat irregular.
Personal pronouns
The first person plural
til is only used inclusively of the listener. For an exclusive meaning, a form like
rukas ká (‘they and I’) is used.
The LOC column is the word stems which the locational cases are attached to. Their suffixes are regular.
NOM |
ká |
til |
sur |
sual |
rú |
rúl |
GEN |
kat |
tial |
sut |
suatł |
rut |
rutł |
COM |
kakas |
tiksł |
sukas |
suksł |
rukas |
ruksł |
CAR |
kassa |
tissal |
sussa |
sussal |
russa |
russal |
INS |
kala |
tilla |
sulla |
sualla |
rulla |
rualla |
ESS |
kagu |
tigul |
sugu |
sugul |
rugu |
rugul |
TRA |
kasti |
tistil |
susti |
sustul |
rusti |
rustil |
EXE |
kaču |
tičul |
sučču |
suččul |
ruču |
ručul |
LOC |
ká– |
tí–l |
sú– |
sua–l |
rú– |
rua–l |
Demonstratives
There is a three way distance distinction for demonstratives: a new referent near the speaker/listener, a new referent distant from both, and old information. These will be glossed as ‘this’, ‘yon’, and ‘that’, respectively.
The near demonstrative is
lua, whose declension is given below. For distant referents it is
ƶua and for old information
mua; they decline in the same way as
lua.
The adjectival (ADJ) forms of these words are used as determiners before other nouns. Note that unlike most nouns, it is distinct from the genitive: compare
muƶ kalńł ‘those cats’ and
mut kalńł ‘that person’s cats’. It also lacks stress, unlike the other forms.
NOM |
lua |
lul |
GEN |
lut |
lutł |
COM |
lukas |
luksł |
CAR |
lussa |
lussal |
INS |
lulla |
lullal |
ESS |
lugu |
lugul |
TRA |
lusti |
lustil |
EXE |
luču |
lučul |
LOC |
lu– |
lu–l |
ADJ |
luƶ |
luƶ |
Indefinites
The words ‘someone’, ‘something’, ‘anyone’, ‘anything’ are served by (a stressed form of) the numeral nai ‘one’. ‘Everyone’ or ‘everything’ is nakasnai, and inflects the same way as nai itself. The words nala and nakasnala mean ‘any’ and ‘every’, respectively.
Interrogatives
Interrogatives (question words) are formed with the enclitic -pa, attached to any noun phrase. As well as naipa ‘what?, who?’, it can be added to any other word to mean ‘which?’.
 |
Naipa musat ai? |
Nai=pa |
mu–sa–t |
ai |
one=what |
that–AD–ESS |
be |
Who’s there? |
 |
Hámamlinaspa sidasiha? |
háma–m–li–nas=pa |
sida–si–ha |
country–DEF–IN–ABL=what |
come–RPST–2SG |
Which country do you come from? |
Being a clitic, -pa is added to the end of the noun, after all other (non-clitic) endings such as case inflections, as shown in the above examples.