Lántas pronouns, demonstratives, etc

Pronouns are inflected for the same cases as other nouns, though their forms are somewhat irregular.

Personal pronouns

The first person plural  til is only used inclusively of the listener. For an exclusive meaning, a form like  rukas ká (‘they and I’) is used.

The LOC column is the word stems which the locational cases are attached to. Their suffixes are regular.

1SG 1PL 2SG 2PL 3SG 3PL
NOM    til  sur  sual    rúl
GEN  kat  tial  sut  suatł  rut  rutł
COM  kakas  tiksł  sukas  suksł  rukas  ruksł
CAR  kassa  tissal  sussa  sussal  russa  russal
INS  kala  tilla  sulla  sualla  rulla  rualla
ESS  kagu  tigul  sugu  sugul  rugu  rugul
TRA  kasti  tistil  susti  sustul  rusti  rustil
EXE  kaču  tičul  sučču  suččul  ruču  ručul
LOC  ká–  tí–l  sú–  sua–l  rú–  rua–l

Demonstratives

There is a three way distance distinction for demonstratives: a new referent near the speaker/listener, a new referent distant from both, and old information. These will be glossed as ‘this’, ‘yon’, and ‘that’, respectively.

The near demonstrative is  lua, whose declension is given below. For distant referents it is  ƶua and for old information  mua; they decline in the same way as  lua.

The adjectival (ADJ) forms of these words are used as determiners before other nouns. Note that unlike most nouns, it is distinct from the genitive: compare  muƶ kalńł ‘those cats’ and  mut kalńł ‘that person’s cats’. It also lacks stress, unlike the other forms.

SG PL
NOM  lua  lul
GEN  lut  lutł
COM  lukas  luksł
CAR  lussa  lussal
INS  lulla  lullal
ESS  lugu  lugul
TRA  lusti  lustil
EXE  luču  lučul
LOC  lu–  lu–l
ADJ  luƶ  luƶ

Indefinites

The words ‘someone’, ‘something’, ‘anyone’, ‘anything’ are served by (a stressed form of) the numeral nai ‘one’. ‘Everyone’ or ‘everything’ is nakasnai, and inflects the same way as nai itself. The words nala and nakasnala mean ‘any’ and ‘every’, respectively.

Interrogatives

Interrogatives (question words) are formed with the enclitic -pa, attached to any noun phrase. As well as naipa ‘what?, who?’, it can be added to any other word to mean ‘which?’.

Naipa musat ai?
Nai=pa mu–sa–t ai
one=what that–ADESS be
Who’s there?
Hámamlinaspa sidasiha?
háma–m–li–nas=pa sida–si–ha
country–DEFINABL=what come–RPST2SG
Which country do you come from?

Being a clitic, -pa is added to the end of the noun, after all other (non-clitic) endings such as case inflections, as shown in the above examples.