Pronouns are inflected for the same cases as other nouns, though
their forms are somewhat irregular.
Personal pronouns
The first person plural til is only used inclusively of
the listener. For an exclusive meaning, a form like rukas ká (‘they and I’) is
used.
The LOC column is the word stems which the
locational cases are attached to. Their
suffixes are regular.
NOM |
ká |
til |
sur |
sual |
rú |
rúl |
GEN |
kat |
tial |
sut |
suatł |
rut |
rutł |
COM |
kakas |
tiksł |
sukas |
suksł |
rukas |
ruksł |
CAR |
kassa |
tissal |
sussa |
sussal |
russa |
russal |
INS |
kala |
tilla |
sulla |
sualla |
rulla |
rualla |
ESS |
kagu |
tigul |
sugu |
sugul |
rugu |
rugul |
TRA |
kasti |
tistil |
susti |
sustul |
rusti |
rustil |
EXE |
kaču |
tičul |
sučču |
suččul |
ruču |
ručul |
LOC |
ká– |
tí–l |
sú– |
sua–l |
rú– |
rua–l |
Demonstratives
There is a three way distance distinction for demonstratives: a new
referent near the speaker/listener, a new referent distant from both,
and old information. These will be glossed as ‘this’, ‘yon’, and ‘that’,
respectively.
The near demonstrative is lua, whose declension is given
below. For distant referents it is ƶua and for old information
mua; they decline in the same
way as lua.
The adjectival (ADJ) forms of these words are used as determiners
before other nouns. Note that unlike most nouns, it is distinct from the
genitive: compare muƶ kalńł ‘those cats’ and mut kalńł ‘that person’s cats’.
It also lacks stress, unlike the other forms.
NOM |
lua |
lul |
GEN |
lut |
lutł |
COM |
lukas |
luksł |
CAR |
lussa |
lussal |
INS |
lulla |
lullal |
ESS |
lugu |
lugul |
TRA |
lusti |
lustil |
EXE |
luču |
lučul |
LOC |
lu– |
lu–l |
ADJ |
luƶ |
luƶ |
Indefinites
The words ‘someone’, ‘something’, ‘anyone’, ‘anything’ are served by
(a stressed form of) the numeral nai ‘one’.
‘Everyone’ or ‘everything’ is nakasnai, and
inflects the same way as nai itself. The words
nala and nakasnala mean ‘any’ and ‘every’, respectively.
Interrogatives
Interrogatives (question words) are formed with the enclitic -pa, attached to any noun phrase. As well as naipa ‘what?, who?’, it can be added to any other
word to mean ‘which?’.
|
Naipa musat ai? |
Nai=pa |
mu–sa–t |
ai |
one=what |
that–AD–ESS |
be |
Who’s there? |
|
Hámamlinaspa sidasiha? |
háma–m–li–nas=pa |
sida–si–ha |
country–DEF–IN–ABL=what |
come–RPST–2SG |
Which country do you come from? |
Being a clitic, -pa is added to the end of
the noun, after all other (non-clitic) endings such as case inflections,
as shown in the above examples.